085) Sultan, Tell es-
[PADIS code 0001]
Arabic: تل السلطان
Site ancient name: Ruḥa, biblical Jericho.
Site location: Lat. +31° 52' 15.99" N; Long. +35° 26' 39.32" E.
Site extension: 40 dunams.
Elevation: 250 m b.s.l.
State of preservation: preserved (archaeological park); the necropolis is partly destroyed/cleared off, partly concealed under modern edification and modern debris.
Disturbance: road cut on the eastern side of the tell; pillage and modern building activities in the nearby necropolis.
Occupational periods: Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic/Late Natufian, Pre-pottery Neolithic A, Pre-pottery Neolithic B, Pottery Neolithic A-B, Late Chalcolithic, Early Bronze I, Early Bronze II-III, Early Bronze IV, Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic, Middle/Late Islamic, Ottoman.
Plates: I, III, LXXXIV-LXXXVI.
Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic/Late Natufian Period
Site typology: camp-site.
Public architecture: shrine (?).
Domestic architecture: clay walls and platforms.
Material culture: bone amulets, bone tools (harpoon head), stone amulets, stone objects and tools, flint tools.
Bibliography: Garstang et al. 1935, 182-184; Kirkbride 1960; Kenyon 1967a, 269-270; 1971, 5; 1981, 6, 18, 114, 121-122, 175, 178-179, 220, 224-226, 268, 271-275; 1993, 675; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 583-586; 1983, 489-490; 1983, 624-639, 781-783; Taha 2010, 36-37.
Pre-pottery Neolithic A Period
Site typology: town.
Public architecture: Round Tower, Town-Wall, rock-cut ditch.
Domestic architecture: surfaces, huts and curvilinear houses (first made of clay-ball, then made of loaf-shaped and plano-convex mudbricks).
Funerary architecture: cist-burials, burials beneath the floors of the houses.
Material culture: unbaked clay figurines, unbaked clay objects, bone amulets, bone objects and tools, beads and pendants, stone amulets, stone objects and tools, flint tools (ad polished axes and adzes).
Bibliography: Garstang et al. 1935, 182-184; Kenyon 1954, 47-54; 1955, 109-112; 1956a, 69-77; 1957a; 1957b, 67-73; 1960a, 91-102; 1967a, 270-271; 1971, 5-6; 1981; 6-10, 18-61, 114, 122-125, 175, 179-181, 220-221, 226-236, 269-270, 275-289; 1993, 675-676; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 551-552, 586-611; 1983, 491-520, 639-665, 781-786, 788-789, 814-816; Zeuner 1955a; 1958; Kirkbride 1960; Bar-Yosef 1989; Sala 2006, 270-272; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 219-223; Taha 2010, 37.
Pre-pottery Neolithic B Period
Site typology: town.
Public architecture: Town-Wall, shrine (?), ceremonial building (?), terrace-walls.
Domestic architecture: rectangular houses (made of cigar-shaped mudbricks).
Funerary architecture: burials beneath the floors of the houses.
Material culture: plastered skulls, unbaked clay statue, stone betyl, stamp seal, pierced shells, unbaked clay figurines, unbaked clay objects, bone amulets, bone objects and tools, beads and pendants, stone amulets, stone figurines, stone objects and tools, flint tools.
Bibliography: Garstang 1930, 126; 1932a, 4-6; Garstang et al. 1935, 167-168, 176-181; 1936, 69-70; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 55-64; Kenyon 1952, 72-73; 1953, 83-88; 1954, 47-54; 1955, 109-112; 1956a, 69-77; 1957a; 1957b, 51-67, 73-76; 1967a, 271-272; 1971, 6; 1981, 11-14, 62-92, 114-116, 125-136, 175-176, 181-191, 221-222, 236-253, 270-271, 289-308, 309-311, 395-406; 1993, 677; Zeuner 1955a; 1958; Cornwall 1956; Kirkbride 1960; Frierman 1971; Strouhal 1973; Garfinkel 1987; Byrd - Banning 1988; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 29-30, 87-88, 219-223; figs. 1:6, 1:38-1:39; Nigro 2006c, 4-5, note 4; Sala 2006, 270-275; Taha 2010, 37.
Pottery Neolithic A-B Period
Site typology: village.
Public architecture: orthostatic walls.
Domestic architecture: houses (made of round and plano-convex mudbricks), pit-dwellings.
Material culture: unbaked clay statues, unbaked clay figurines, unbaked clay objects, bone objects and tools, beads and pendants, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Garstang 1932a, 4-6, 10, fig. 4; 1935b; Garstang et al. 1935, 143, 163-173, 176-181; 1936, 68-73, 77-90; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 64-72; Kenyon 1952, 72-73; 1954, 54-55; 1957b, 77-92; 1960a, 102-103; 1967a, 272-273; 1981, 14, 92-96, 116-117, 136-145, 176, 191-192, 222-223, 254-257, 309, 311-314; 1993, 677-678; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 4-81, 554-555, 557-559, 615, 628-630; 1983, 1-24, 85-86, 89-92, 96-118, 182-190, 251-262, 281-293, 478-484, 544-551, 706-718, 791, 807-808, 815-816; Branigan 1967; Sala 2006, 275-276; Taha 2010, 37.
Late Chalcolithic Period
Site typology: camp-site.
Material culture: stone tools, flint tools (tabular scrapers), pottery (churn).
Bibliography: Zeuner 1954; Kenyon 1955, 112-114; 1960a, 102-103; Kenyon - Holland 1983, figs. 12:22, 108:12; Holland 1987, 22; North 1982; Garfinkel 1999; Nigro 2005a, 198, note 1; 2006c, 5, note 4.
Early Bronze I
Site typology: village.
Public architecture: terrace-wall, shrine.
Domestic architecture: houses.
Funerary architecture: shaft-tombs in the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: copper objects, Egyptian stone palettes, marble and stone cultic furniture, stone mace-heads, stamp-seal impression, bone flutes, bone objects and tools, beads and pendants, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, figs. 10, 15, 82-83, 107, 109-110, pls. 19, 20:B4a-b, B6a-b, 21; Garstang 1932a, 10, pls. VI:4, 8, VIII:1-3, XII:20-21; XXVIII:4-5; Garstang et al. 1935, 148-150, 152-153, 161-162; 1936, 68, 73-74, 96-100; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 78-80; Hennessy 1967; Kenyon 1952, 74-76; 1957b, 93-102; 1960b, 4-51; 1965, 3-32; 1967a, 273; 1971, 7-8; 1981, 96, 117-118, 145-147, 176, 193-195, 223, 257, 309, 314-325; 1993, 678; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 82-123, 559-561, 564, 615-618, 621, 630-635; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 24-31, 87, 118-127, 190-221, 246-249, 262-264, 293-327, 375-377, 551-553, 718-723, 791-792, 794-796, 808-810, 816-817; Holland 1987; Parr 2000; Nigro 1999a, 188-191; 2005a; 2006a, 353-355; 2006b; 2007; 2008; 2009c, 176-180; Marchetti 2003a, 299-300; Sala 2006, 277-280; Polcaro 2005a; 2005b; 2006, 254-257; 2007; Sala 2005a; 2005b; 2007.
Early Bronze II-III
Site typology: city.
Public architecture: city-wall, towers, city-gate, palace, temple with platform (?).
Domestic architecture: houses.
Funerary architecture: shaft-tombs in the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: copper items (weapons and tools), ivory and stone bull's heads, cylinder seals, cylinder seal impressions, stamp seal impression, clay figurines, pierced seas-shells, bone flutes, bone objects and tools, Egyptianizing stone palettes, stone mace-heads, stone weights, beads and pendants, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 17-45, 97-108; Watzinger 1926; Garstang 1930; 1931; 1932a, 6-15, 17-22, 38-43; 1935c; Garstang et al. 1935, 147-163, 174-176; 1936, 74, 91-96; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 75-88; Kenyon 1952, 64-70, 76-79; 1953, 88-90, 92; 1954, 55-56, 62; 1955, 114-115; 1956a, 77; 1957b, 167-185; 1960a, 103-104; 1960b, 52-179; 1967a, 273-274; 1971, 8-11; 1981, 14-15, 97-105, 118-120, 147-166, 176-177, 195-213, 223-224, 258-266, 309-310, 325-338, 341-346, 372-374; 1993, 678-679; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 124-243, 558-559, 564-565, 567, 615-618, 621, 630-635; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 24-47, 87-88, 93-95, 127-167, 222-238, 246-251, 264-280, 327-374, 377-393, 473-477, 553-562, 718-723, 792-793, 796-798, 810-811, 816-817; Cleveland 1961; Hennessy 1967; Riklin 1996; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 23-96; 2000, 22-51, 130-138; Nigro 1999a, 191-208; 2006a; 2006c, 4-22; 2009b; 2009c, 180-188; 2009d, 214-216; 2010a; 2010b; Nigro - Taha 2009, 738-741; Marchetti 2003a, 300-303; Ascalone 2006; in press; Polcaro 2006, 257-258; Sala 2006, 280-283; 2008; Taha 2010, 37.
Early Bronze IV
Site typology: village.
Domestic architecture: houses.
Funerary architecture: shaft-tombs in the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: graffiti, copper and bronze items (weapons and tools), clay figurines, bone objects and tools, leather, beads and pendants, stone tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 46-47, 108-112, 116-119; Garstang 1932a, 9, fig. 5, room x, pls. I:10, XII:9-10; Garstang et al. 1935, 147, 156; 1936, 74; Kenyon 1952, 70-71, 79-81; 1953, 90, 92-93; 1954, 56-58, 62; 1955, 116-117; 1956a, 77-78; 1957b, 186-209; 1960a, 105-106; 1960b, 180-262; 1965, 33-166, 551-565; 1967a, 274; 1971, 11-17; 1981, 16, 105-108, 120, 166-167, 177, 213-215, 339; 1993, 679; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 244-267, 555, 565-567, 618, 635; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 47-52, 167-173, 238-242, 251-252, 393, 395, 562-563, 723-725, 793, 798-800, 816-817; Zeuner 1955b; Shay 1983; Prag 1986; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 2000, 18, 123; Nigro 1999a, 208-211; 1999b; 2003; 2006c, 23-24; Marchetti 2003a, 303-304; Polcaro 2006, 259.
Middle Bronze Age
Site typology: city.
Public architecture: MB I mudbrick city-wall, MB I-II towers, MB II stone city-wall, MB II rampart, MB III rampart, palace (Garstang's Hyksos palace), temple (?).
Domestic architecture: houses.
Funerary architecture: brick-built tombs and child burials on the tell, shaft-tombs in the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: gold items, bronze items (weapons and tools), alabaster objects, faience objects, cylinder seals, cylinder seal impressions, scarab seals, scarab seal impressions, bone inlays, ostrich eggs, wooden furniture, wooden objects, leather, textile, basketry, clay figurines, clay objects (chariot wheel, loomweights), bone objects and tools, stone mace-heads, shell plaque, beads and pendants, stone weights, stone objects and tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 48-72; Garstang 1930; 1931; 1932a, 15-17, 43-54; 1933; 1934; Garstang et al. 1936, 74; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 91-120; Kenyon 1951; 1952, 71-72; 1953, 90-95; 1954, 58-63; 1955, 115-117; 1956a, 79-81; 1957b, 210-255; 1960a, 106-107; 1960b, 263-518, 527-536; 1965, 167-478, 566-661; 1967a, 274-275; 1971, 17-26; 1981, 16, 108-111, 120-121, 167-171, 177-178, 215-219, 340, 346-370, 374-375; 1993, 679-680; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 268-454, 558-561, 565-568, 618-621, 623-624, 635-637; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 52-58, 174-179, 243-245, 251-252, 395-472, 563-573, 725-727, 766-769, 774-776, 793, 800, 811-812, 814-815; Zeuner 1955b, 124-128; Bienkowski 1990; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 86-87, 97-197; 2000, 19-21, 165-281; Marchetti 1999; 2003b; Nigro 2006c, 25-35; 2007-2008; 2009a; 2009d, 216-219; Nigro - Taha 2009, 731-737; Marchetti 2003a, 304-316; Polcaro 2006, 259-261; Taha 2010, 37-38.
Late Bronze Age
Site typology: town.
Public architecture: "Middle Building".
Domestic architecture: houses.
Funerary architecture: shaft-tombs in the nearby necropolis (Garstang's Tombs 4, 5, 13).
Material culture: scarabs, stone tools, flint tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, figs. 123-126, 133-141; Garstang 1933, 14-38; 1934, 102, 105-117, pls. XIII-XV; Garstang et al. 1936, 74-76; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 120-130; Kenyon 1951; 1954, 61; 1957b, 256-263; 1960a, 107-108; 1971, 28; 1981, 340, 371; 1993, 680; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 463-467, 471-472, 573; Bienkowski 1986; 1990; Holland 1988; Nigro 2006c, 35; Marchetti 2003a, 316-317.
Iron Age
Site typology: village.
Public architecture: IA II ḫilani-palace.
Domestic architecture: houses.
Funerary architecture: tombs both on the tell and the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: iron objects, bronze items (objects and tools), cylinder seal, scarab and scaraboids seals, clay figurines, clay objects (loomweights), bone objects, beads, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 41, 67-82, pl. IV; Garstang 1932a, 37; 1933, 36-37, fig. 11; 1934, 102-104, 108, pl. XIII; Garstang et al. 1936, 76; Garstang - Garstang 1948, 147-150; Kenyon 1952, 71; 1953, 95; 1957b, 263-264; 1965, 479-515; 1967a, 275; 1971, 28; 1981, 17, 111-113, 121, 171-173, 178, 219; 1993, 680; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 455-545, 555-557-558, 567, 569, 624, 637; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 58-84, 176, 179-181, 253, 573-575, 767-768, 801, 814-815; Franken 1974; Weippert - Weippert 1976; Bartlett 1982, 100; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 27-31, 119; Marchetti 2003a, 317-318; Nigro 2006c, 35.
Persian Period
Site typology: scattered materials.
Material culture: ostrakon with Aramaic inscription, stamp seal impressions, pottery.
Bibliography: Hammond 1957a; 1957b; Lemaire 1975; Kenyon 1993, 681; Kenyon - Holland 1982, 537-545.
Hellenistic Period
Site typology: scattered materials.
Material culture: stamp seal impressions, pottery.
Bibliography: Kenyon - Holland 1982, 537-545.
Roman Period
Site typology: architectural remains.
Domestic architecture: architectural remains, wine-presses.
Funerary architecture: tombs and graves both on the tell and in the nearby necropolis (among which loculi, kokhim and grave-arcosolium).
Material culture: Greek inscription, ossuaries, wooden coffins, capitals, column drums, drainpipes, faience objects, glass, beads, bronze objects, pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 83-84; Kenyon 1953, 95; 1956a, 81; 1957b, 264; 1965, 516-545; 1971, 28-29; 1981, 17, 113, 121, 173-174, 178, 219; 1993, 681; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 181, 801; Zias 1982; Marchetti - Nigro eds. 1998, 106-107; Cirelli - Zagari 2000, 366-367; Zagari 2000, 357-359.
Byzantine Period
Site typology: architectural remains.
Domestic architecture: re-used Roman villa (?), re-used wine-presses, houses.
Funerary architecture: tombs on the tell and in the nearby necropolis.
Material culture: marble furniture, wooden furniture, glass, bronze coins, metal (bronze and iron) weapons and objects, bone objects and tools, stone objects and tools, pottery (amphorae, lamps).
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 82-92, 160-167; Garstang 1932a, 18; Kenyon 1952, 72; 1956a, 82; 1957b, 265; 1981, 113, 174; Kenyon - Holland 1983, 280, 816-817; Cirelli - Zagari 2000, 366-367; Zagari 2000, 357-365; Marchetti 2003a, 318; Nigro 2006c, 35-36.
Early Islamic Period (Umayyad Period)
Site typology: architectural remains.
Domestic architecture: huts.
Material culture: pottery.
Bibliography: Sellin - Watzinger 1913, 92-96, 169; Kenyon 1956a, 82; 1957b, 265; 1993, 681; Cirelli - Zagari 2000, 368; Zagari 2000, 365.
Middle/Late Islamic Period
Site typology: scattered materials.
Material culture: pottery.
Bibliography: Marchetti - Nigro eds. 2000, 182; Zagari 2000, 365-366.
Bibliography
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| 1998 | "Tell es-Sultan, antica Gerico", in L. Drago Troccoli (ed.), Scavi e ricerche archeologiche dell'Università di Roma "La Sapienza" (Studia Archaeologica 96), Roma 1998, pp. 277-283. |
| 1999a | "Two Seasons of Excavations of the Italian-Palestinian Expedition at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho", in AA.VV., Culture in Sustainable Development. An Italian Strategy. Research and Pilot Projects on Archaeology and Anthropology, Roma 1999, pp. 103-107. |
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| 1998 | Scavi a Gerico, 1997. Relazione preliminare sulla prima campagna di scavi e prospezioni archeologiche a Tell es-Sultan, Palestina (Quaderni di Gerico 1), Roma 1998. |
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| 2000 | "Preliminary Report on the Second Season of Excavations of the Italian-Palestinian Expedition at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho, 1998", in P. Matthiae - A. Enea - L. Peyronel - F. Pinnock (eds.), Proceedings of the First International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Rome, May 18th-23rd 1998, Roma 2000, pp. 869-901. |
| in press | "Urban Plan, Stratigraphy and Chronology of Bronze Age Jericho in the Light of the Italian-Palestinian Expedition", in J. Margueron - P. de Miroschedji - J.P. Thalmann (eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Paris in press. |
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| 1999 | "Second Season of Excavations of the Italian-Palestinian Expedition at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho, October-November 1998", in Orient Express 1999/1, pp. 17-20. |
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| 2000 | "Third Season of Excavations of the Italian-Palestinian Expedition at Tell es-Sultan/Jericho, October-November 1999", in Orient Express 2000/4, pp. 82-84. |
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| 1998 | "Il parco archeologico per la conservazione e la valorizzazione di Tell es-Sultan, antica Gerico", in N. Marchetti - L. Nigro (eds.) 1998, pp. 205-229. |
| 2006 | "Cultural Heritage Planning and Management for Development: the Palestinian Archaeological Park of the Jericho Oasis", in L. Nigro - H. Taha (eds.) 2006, pp. 191-208. |
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| 1999a | "Gerico: le origini della città in Palestina. Caratteri generali, sviluppo e crisi della prima urbanizzazione palestinese nel III millennio a.C.: il caso di Tell es-Sultan, antica Gerico", in Rendiconti della Pontificia Accademia Romana di Archeologia 69 (1999), pp. 187-218. |
| 1999b | "Sei corredi tombali del Bronzo Antico IV dalla Necropoli di Gerico ai Musei Vaticani", in Bollettino dei Monumenti, Musei e Gallerie Pontificie XIX (1999), pp. 6-52. |
| 2003 | "Tell es-Sultan in the Early Bronze Age IV (2300-2000 BC.). Settlement Vs Necropolis - A Stratigraphic Periodization", in Contributi e Materiali di Archeologia Orientale IX (2003), pp. 121-158. |
| 2004 | "In the Shadow of the Bible. Archaeological Investigations by the Deutsches Palästina Vereins before the First World War: Taannek, Megiddo, Jericho, Shechem", in V. Krings - I. Tassignon (eds.), Archéologie dans l'Empire ottoman autur de 1900: entre politique, économie et science, Bruxelles-Rome 2004, pp. 215-229. |
| 2005a | Tell es-Sultan/Gerico alle soglie della prima urbanizzazione: il villaggio e la necropoli del Bronzo Antico I (3300-3000 a.C.) (Rome «La Sapienza» Studies on the Archaeology of Palesatine & Transjordan 1), Rome 2005. |
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| 2006a | "Sulle mura di Gerico. Le fortificazioni di Tell es-Sultan come indicatori della nascita e dello sviluppo della prima città di Gerico nel III millennio a.C.", in F. Baffi - R. Dolce - S. Mazzoni - F. Pinnock (eds.), Ina Kibrāt Erbetti. Studi di Archeologia orientale dedicati a Paolo Matthiae, Roma 2006, pp. 349-397. |
| 2006b | "Alcuni vasi del Bronzo Antico I (3300-3000 a.C.) in ceramica grigia lustrata dalla necropoli di Gerico nei Musei Vaticani", in Bollettino dei Monumenti, Musei e Gallerie Pontificie XXV (2006), pp. 7-32. |
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| 2008 | "Tell es-Sultan/Jericho from Village to Town: A Reassessment of the Early Bronze Age I Settlement and Necropolis", in J.M. Córdoba et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (5-8 April 2006), Madrid 2008, Volume II, pp. 645-662. |
| 2009a | "The Built Tombs on the Spring Hill and The Palace of the Lords of Jericho (‘dmr Rha) in the Middle Bronze Age", in J.D. Schloen (ed.), Exploring the longue durée. Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager, Winona Lake, In. 2009, pp. 361-376. |
| 2009b | "Khirbet Kerak Ware at Jericho and the EB III Change in Palestine", in E. Kaptijn - L.P. Petit (eds.), A Timeless Vale. Archaeological and related essays on the Jordan Valley in honour of Gerrit van der Kooij on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birhtday (Archaeological Studies Leiden University 19), Leiden 2009, pp. 69-83. |
| 2009c | "When the Walls Tumble Down. Jericho: Rise & Collapse of an Early Bronze Age Palestinian City", in R. Peroni - A. Cardarelli (eds.), Le ragioni del cambiamento. Reason for Changes. 'Nascita', 'declino' e 'crollo' delle società tra fine del IV e inizio del I millennio a.C. (Scienze dell'Antichità 15), Roma 2009, pp. 91-110. |
| 2009d | "Nuove scoperte archeologiche a Tell es-Sultan, biblica Gerico, 2009", in D. Sardini (ed.), Bibbia e Cultura (Dodicesimo Supplemento a Bibbia e Oriente), Bornato in Franciacorta (BS) 2009, pp. 213-220. |
| 2010a | "Tell es-Sultan/Jericho and the Origins of Urbanization in the Lower Jordan Valley: Results of Recent Archaeological Researches", in P. Matthiae - F. Pinnock - L. Nigro - N. Marchetti (eds.), 6 ICAANE. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. 5 May – 10 May 2008, Sapienza Università di Roma, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 2, pp. 459-481. |
| 2010b | Tell es-Sultan/Jericho in the Early Bronze II (3000-2700 BC): the rise of an early Palestinian city. A synthesis of the results of four archaeological expeditions (Rome «La Sapienza» Studies on the Archaeology of Palestine & Transjordan 5), Rome 2010. |
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| 2009 | "Renewed Excavations and Restorations at Tell es-Sultan/Ancient Jericho. Fifth Season - March-April 2009", in Scienze dell'Antichità 15 (2009), pp. 731-744 |
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