092) Tawaheen es-Sukkar
[PADIS code 0002]
Arabic: طواحين السكر
Site location: Lat. +31° 52' 21.63" N; Long. +35° 26' 18.30" E.
Site extension: 12 dunams.
State of preservation: preserved (restorations needed).
Disturbance: modern building activities.
Occupational periods: Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic (?), Crusader, Middle Islamic, Late Islamic.
Plates: I, III, LXXXVII-XCI.
Roman Period
Site typology: scattered materials.
Material culture: coins.
Bibliography: Taha 2009, 188.
Byzantine Period
Site typology: scattered materials.
Material culture: coins.
Bibliography: Taha 2009, 188.
Early Islamic (?) Period
Site typology: architectural remains.
Public architecture: mills (?).
Bibliography: Donceel-Voûte 1999, 115.
Crusader Period
Site typology: sugar factory.
Public architecture: mills, refinery, aqueduct, cisterns, furnace, kitchen, storage house.
Material culture: Arabic inscriptions, glass objects, coins, jewellery, metal objects and tools, pottery (among which the typical conical sugar vessels).
Bibliography: Augustinović 1951, 118-119; Benvenisti 1970, 254-256; Robinson - Smith 1970, 555; Donceel-Voûte 1999, 115; Taha 2004; 2009.
Middle Islamic Period
Site typology: sugar factory.
Public architecture: mills, aqueduct, cisterns, furnace, shrine (maqam).
Material culture: ostraka with Arabic inscriptions, coins, copper jewellery and tools, pottery.
Bibliography: Clermont-Ganneau 1896, 37-39; Conder - Kitchener 1883, 179, 221; Augustinović 1951, 118-119; Nigro, F. 1998, 209; Donceel-Voûte 1999, 115; Cirelli - Zagari 2000, 368; Jones - Tompsett - Politis - Photos-Jones 2000; Taha 2001; 2004; Yahya 2007, 18; Taha 2009.
Late Islamic Period
Site typology: sugar factory.
Public architecture: mills, aqueduct, cisterns, furnace.
Material culture: inscriptions, coins,metal tools, pottery.
Bibliography: da Poggibonsi 1996, 87; Taha 2001; 2004; 2009.
Bibliography
| Augustinović, A. | |
| 1951 | Gerico e dintorni, Jerusalem 1951 (in particular pp. 118-120). |
| Benvenisti, M. | |
| 1970 | The Crusaders in the Holy Land, Jerusalem 1970 (in particular pp. 254-256). |
| Cirelli, E. - Zagari, F. | |
| 2000 | "Gerico in epoca bizantina e islamica. Problemi e proposte di ricerca", in Archeologia Medievale 27 (2000), pp. 365-376 (in particolar p. 368). |
| Clermont-Ganneau, C. | |
| 1896 | Archaeological Research in Palestine During the Years 1873-1874, Vol. II, London 1896 (in particular pp. 37-39). |
| Conder, C.R. - Kitchener, H.H. | |
| 1883 | The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Volume III. Sheets XVII-XXVI. Judaea, London 1883 (in particular pp. 179, 221). |
| Donceel-Voûte, P. | |
| 1999 | "Jericho aux époques byzantine e Omeyyade", in Dossier d'Archeologie 240 (1999), pp. 113-121 (in particular p. 115). |
| Jones, R.E - Tompsett, G. - Politis, K.D. - Photos-Jones, E. | |
| 2000 | "The Tawahin as Sukkar and Khirbat ash-Shaykh ‘Isa Project Phase I: The Surveys", in Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 44 (2000), 523-534. |
| Nigro, F. | |
| 1998 | "Il parco archeologico per la conservazione e la valorizzazione di Tell es-Sultan, antica Gerico", in N. Marchetti - L. Nigro (eds.), Scavi a Gerico, 1997. Relazione preliminare sulla prima campagna di scavi e prospezioni archeologiche a Tell es-Sultan, Palestina (Quaderni di Gerico I), pp. 205-223 (in particular p. 209). |
| da Poggibonsi, Fra Niccolò | |
| 1996 | Libro d'Oltramare (1346-1350). Testo di A. Bacchi delle Lega riveduto e riannotato dal P. B. Bagatti o.f.m. a ricordo del sesto centenario (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Maior 2), Jerusalem 1996 (in particular p. 87). |
| Robinson, E. - Smith, E. | |
| 1970 | Biblical researches in Palestine and the adjacent regions. A journal of travels in the years 1838 and 1952. By E. Robinson and E. Smith. Drawn up from the original diaries, with historical illustrations, by Edward Robinson, Jerusalem 1970 (3rd edition by W.G. Dever) (in particular p. 555). |
| Taha, H. | |
| 2001 | "The Excavation of Tawaheen es-Sukkar in the Jordan Valley", in Orient-Express 2001/3, pp. 68-71. |
| 2004 | "Die Ausgrabungen von Tawahin es-Sukkar im Jordan-Tal", in Zeitschrift des Deutches Palästina-Vereins 120 (2004), pp. 73-78, pls. 2-3. |
| 2009 | "Some Aspects of Sugar Production in Jericho, Jordan Valley", in E. Kaptijn - L.P. Petit (eds.), A Timeless Vale. Archaeological and related essays on the Jordan Valley in honour of Gerrit van der Kooij on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birhtday (Archaeological Studies Leiden University 19), Leiden 2009, pp. 181-191. |
| Yahya, A. | |
| 2007 | PACE Tourguide of Jericho & Vicinity. Historical, Archaeological and Religious Sites, Ramallah 2007 (in particular p. 18). |